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Appaloosa horses are an important part of American history and remain a sought-after breed today. They are beautiful and come in so many colors it’s hard to choose a favorite. However, there is a lot you need to know about them before deciding if they are the right horse for you and or your family.
The Appaloosa is a warm-blooded horse breed that weighs between 900 to 12,000 lbs and is 14.2-16 hh in height. They are compact yet muscular horses that can succeed in any discipline and suit all riders. They are known for their colorful, spotted coats, and high-spirited, intelligent personalities.
| Height: | 14.2-16 hh |
| Weight: | 900-1200 lbs |
| Common Colors: | Bay, Black, Palomino, Chestnut |
| Conformation: | Short yet thick body, strong hindquarters, good bone density. |
| Temperament: | Intelligent, spirited, willing, quiet, fast |
| Price: | $1,000-$10,000 |
History of the Appaloosa Horse Breed
The Appaloosa is an American horse breed, through and through. It was believed to have come from the wild mustang herds within the Nez Pierce territory, and those mustangs are the descendants of the horses that the Spaniards brought with them when they were exploring the New World.
The Nez Pierce people acquired Appaloosa horses through trading with other tribes.
When the Nez Pierce first bred Appaloosas, they were called Palouse horses after the Palouse river on their land in Washington and Idaho.
The name was slowly slurred together by different people until they were called Appaloosas.
As Europeans settled on Native lands, the demands for the Appaloosas created by the Nez Pierce grew and the tribe gained a steady income from their breeding practices.
When the Nez Pierce fled to avoid being placed on a reservation, settlers took the remaining horses with them and used them as ranch horses.
Appaloosa Horse Characteristics and Temperament
The most notable characteristic of the Appaloosa horse is its physical appearance. All Appaloosas carry the leopard complex gene, which creates their spotted coat. They also have striped hooves, mottled skin, and white sclera on their eye.
Horses without the spotted coat can be registered as Appaloosas if they have other characteristics.
Appaloosa horses are strong and well-built warmblood horses, taking after their mustang ancestors. This makes them suitable for both work and pleasure riding.
As far as temperament goes, Appaloosas are known for being intelligent, independent, and brave.
They can also be high-spirited and fierce, meaning they may not be the best fit for children unless they have at least basic knowledge of riding. This does not mean that every Appaloosa is this way, most make excellent family horses.
Appaloosas are also extremely willing and will work to please their owners.
Unique Characteristics
- White sclera – the sclera, or part of the eye that surrounds the eye, is usually brown for horses, but Appaloosas can have white ones.
- Mottled skin – in addition to the spotted coat, the skin of the Appaloosa is also spotted.
- Striped hooves – most horses have no pattern on their hooves, but Appaloosas have a clear striped pattern.
- Thin mane – many horses have a long and thick mane.
Also read: 4 Horse Personality Types & Traits Explained
Appaloosa Breed Standard
The Appaloosa Horse Club began in 1938 with the intention of keeping the Appaloosa bloodlines pure and long-lasting so that people could enjoy them for generations.
The breed standard has changed four times since the club’s founding, with the most recent change occurring in 2011.
To be considered an Appaloosa from 2011 onward, a horse must have the following:
- Minimum height of 14 hh.
- Any base coat color with white spotting.
- Any color eye with white sclera in one or both eyes.
- Medium-sized, straight, lean head, thick neck with clean throatlatch, deep chest, well-muscled shoulders, prominent withers, strong forearm, wide cannons, strong fetlocks, sloping pastern, rounded hooves, short back, muscular hindquarters, straight and clearly defined hocks.
The breed standard for the Appaloosa has changed slightly but remained largely the same over the years. This means that the Appaloosa Horse Club founders and members knew what characteristics they wanted in the breed. These foundations continue to carry into Appaloosa bloodlines today.
What Color is an Appaloosa Horse?
The most common colors in the Appaloosa breed are bay, chestnut, and black. Rarer colors include grulla, palomino, and roan coloring like red roan.
According to the latest standards from the Appaloosa Horse Club, they can be any color except gray or flea-bitten gray as long as they have white spotted markings.
Speaking of markings, there are several types of spotted patterns an Appaloosa can have, and the type of pattern is placed before Appaloosa when describing the horse (eg: leopard blanket Appaloosa).
The spot pattern types are as follows:
- Leopard – the whole body is white with a few dark spots.
- Blanket – the horse’s hindquarters and rump are white and spotted, with the rest of the body being the main coat color.
- Snowflake – the body is mostly the main coat color with small patches of white.
- Marble or Varnish – the entire coat is mottled, rather than just the nose or other areas.
Aside from the spotting patterns, Appaloosas can also have face and leg markings including bald face, blaze, snip, stripe, star, and various sizes of socks and stockings on the legs.
Also read: 20 Horse General Knowledge Quiz Questions
3 Appaloosa Horse Facts
Appaloosas are unique in many different ways. Here are some facts you may not know about them.
1. The Leopard-Complex Gene Makes Them Higher Risk For Some Disease
The leopard complex gene is what gives Appaloosas their unique coat patterns. However, this unique component of their genetics makes them more prone to diseases including uveitis and congenital night blindness.
2. Appaloosas Are Not the Only Breed With the Leopard Complex Gene
Other breeds with it are the Knabstrupper, Paint Horses, and BLM Mustangs. Additionally, not all Appaloosas have spotted coats, because they are a recessive carrier of the gene, but they can still be registered as Appaloosas if they have mottled skin, striped hooves, and white sclera.
3. Spotted Horses Have Existed Since Prehistoric Times
They appeared in cave paintings in France 25,000 years ago, indicating that they existed during the Stone Age.
The paintings typically featured herds of black, bay, and spotted horses because these colors made it possible to derive all the other coat colors.
Also read: 20 Horse Anatomy Quiz & Trivia Questions
Famous Appaloosa Horses
Appaloosas have been part of world and American history for as long as they have been recorded. They are war horses, trail horses, and so much more. Here are some of the most well-known Appaloosa horses:
- Ima Doc O’lena – the first Appaloosa sired by Doc O’Lena, a champion cutting horse. I’ma Doc O’lena is a champion cutter in his own right, winning two World Championships and several other titles.
- Sundance 500 – a founding stallion of the leopard Appaloosa coat lines.
- Mighty Bright – a champion Appaloosa in the halter discipline who sired 188 registered halter foals, including 6 bronze medallion winners.
What Type of Rider is an Appaloosa Horse Good For?
The Appaloosa is an extremely willing horse that aims to please, making it a good horse for beginner and expert riders alike. However, not all Appaloosas have an agreeable temperament, so if your Appaloosa is more high-spirited, it is best not to pair them with new riders.
They are an all-around breed. They do well in the dressage ring, around jumping courses, doing ranch work, and trail riding.
The reason why is that the Nez Pierce bred them as hunting, riding, and war horses, so they were exposed to a wide variety of terrains and experiences.
Appaloosas need a gentle and confident rider in spite of skill level. If they think their rider is being rough with them, they become stubborn and will not do as asked out of discomfort.
Since Appaloosas are typically independent, most would not do well as a companion animal for other farm animals or senior horses.
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